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Waddell's signs are a group of physical signs, first described in a 1980 article in ''Spine'', and named for the article's principal author, Gordon Waddell (1943–), a Scottish Orthopedic Surgeon. Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain. Historically they have also been used to detect malingering in patients with back pain. While testing takes less than one minute,〔 it has been described as time-consuming and alternatives have been proposed. ==Use of Waddell's signs== Waddell, ''et al''. (1980) described five categories of signs: * Tenderness tests: superficial and diffuse tenderness and/or nonanatomic tenderness * Simulation tests: these are based on movements which produce pain, without actually causing that movement, such as axial loading and pain on simulated rotation * Distraction tests: positive tests are rechecked when the patient's attention is distracted, such as a straight leg raise test * Regional disturbances: regional weakness or sensory changes which deviate from accepted neuroanatomy * Overreaction: subjective signs regarding the patient's demeanor and reaction to testing Any individual sign marks its category as positive. When three or more categories were positive, the finding was considered clinically significant.〔 However, assessing the patient on the basis of overreaction has raised concerns regarding observer bias and idiosyncrasies related to the patient's culture. Consequently, a practitioner may assess the patient on the remaining four categories, with two or more positive categories being considered clinically significant. One or two Waddell's signs can often be found even when there is not a strong non-organic component to pain. Three or more are positively correlated with high scores for depression, hysteria and hypochondriasis on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Waddell's signs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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